Constitution of India – Art.21 – Maternity Leave – Appellant is stated to have two children from the first wedlock – First marriage was dissolved – Then appellant married MR – Due to conceivement from her second marriage, appellant applied for grant of maternity leave to the authorities for the period from 17.08.2021 to 13.05.2022 – The third respondent vide order dated 28.08.2021 rejected the prayer of the appellant that as per Fundamental Rule (FR) 101(a) maternity leave is available to women state government employees having less than two surviving children – Writ petition – Single Judge of the High Court vide the judgment and order dated 25.03.2022 held that appellant was entitled to grant of maternity benefit – However, the Division Bench of the High Court found the judgment of the Single Judge to be unsustainable – Correctness: Held: In the instant case, appellant has two biological children out of her first wedlock – But that was before entry into her service – Post entry into service and from her subsisting marriage, this is her first child – It has come on record that the two children out of her first wedlock are not residing with her but with their father, who is having their custody – Policy of the State to arrest population growth by resorting to various population control measures is certainly a laudable objective – So is the objective of granting maternity benefit to women employees – The object of having two child norm as part of the measures to control population growth in the country and the object of providing maternity benefit to women employees including maternity leave in circumstances such as in the present case are not mutually exclusive – The two must be harmonized in a purposive and rationale manner to achieve the social objective – Accordingly, the judgment and order of the Division Bench of the High Court dated 14.09.2022 is set aside and it is declared that appellant shall be granted maternity leave under FR 101(a). [Paras 34, 35, 37]
Maternity Leave – Universal Declaration of Human Rights – International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) – Maternity Protection Convention:
Held: Maternity leave is integral to maternity benefits – Reproductive rights are now recognized as part of several intersecting domains of international human rights law viz. the right to health, right to privacy, right to equality and non-discrimination and the right to dignity. [Para 28]
Constitution of India – Art.21 – Judicial Interpretation: Held: By judicial interpretation, it has been held that life under Article 21 means life in its fullest sense; all that which makes life more meaningful, worth living like a human being – Right to life includes all the finer graces of human civilization, thus rendering this fundamental right a repository of various human rights – Right to life also includes the right to health – Right to live with human dignity and the right to privacy are now acknowledged facets of Article 21. [Para 13.1]
Constitution of India – Arts. 21, 42, 51(c) – Maternity leave – Maternity benefit – Reproductive rights – Discussed. Maternity leave – International developments had its impact on Indian law – Discussed. [Paras 29-33.4]
As published in the Supreme Court Reports, Supreme Court of India. Headnotes prepared by: Ankit Gyan. Text from the Indian Supreme Court Judgments open data set (Dattam Labs), CC BY 4.0.
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